Cortisol secretion and protein breakdown
Cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, plays a significant role in protein metabolism, especially under stress. Its influence on protein breakdown (proteolysis) is crucial for providing substrates …
Metformin, adrenal insufficiency, and hyponatremia
Metformin is a widely used medication in diabetes management, known for improving insulin sensitivity and helping with glycemic control. However, its use can intersect with conditions like adrenal insufficiency and …
Adrenal insufficiency and hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia in adrenal insufficiency is a potential complication due to the lack of cortisol, which is critical for glucose regulation and metabolic stability. Here’s an overview of hypoglycemia in this …
Hypoglycemia management in diabetes
Managing hypoglycemia, particularly in diabetes, involves prompt recognition and treatment to prevent complications. Here’s a comprehensive approach: 1. Recognize Symptoms of Hypoglycemia Mild Hypoglycemia: Hunger, shakiness, sweating, dizziness, irritability, rapid …
Food affecting cortisol levels
Certain foods and dietary habits can increase cortisol secretion, especially when consumed regularly or in excess. Here are some that are known to impact cortisol levels: 1. Refined Sugars and …
Sulphonylureas
Sulphonylureas are one of the oldest antidiabetic agents. They act by stimulating beta cells to secrete insulin. That is why they can also lead to hypoglycemia, and are always started …
Prediabetes
Prediabetes is a condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. It indicates an increased risk of developing …
PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma) agonists: Pioglitazone
PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma) agonists are a class of drugs that activate the PPARγ receptor, which is a nuclear receptor involved in the regulation of genes responsible for glucose …
Living with Diabetes
Living with diabetes involves a commitment to managing blood sugar levels, maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, and making lifestyle adjustments that support long-term health. Here are …
Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: Role of Metformin
Metformin lowers insulin resistance by countering cortisol secretion, which in turn reduces glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It is typically prescribed according to the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion. Circadian Rhythm of …
DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitors “gliptins,”
DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) inhibitors, also known as “gliptins,” are a class of oral medications used in the management of type 2 diabetes. Their mechanism of action involves the inhibition of …
DOSE EQUIVALENT
In pharmacology, dose equivalent refers to a comparison between the potency of different drugs that have similar therapeutic effects. It indicates the amount of one drug that would produce the …
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
Carbohydrates are in the form of polysaccharides, formed of monosaccharides held together by alpha glucosidic bonds. Alpha glucosidase enzymes (brush border cells of intestine) break these bonds to release monosaccharides, …
Chapter 3 d: Intermediate acting insulin and mixtard insulin
Intermediate-acting insulins are a type of insulin used to control blood sugar levels in people with diabetes, particularly in those who require a longer duration of action than short-acting insulins …